how does a pens ink leak due to high atmospheric pressure?

Question

i want this 4 my project ,please help me friends ..

Answer 1

The concept one needs to use is pressure in fluids....when the ink is filled inside the pen at normal sea level, it is filled at a certain atmospheric pressure. But when we go to a higher altitude and the pressure increases..... and the air column exerts a pressure on the ink in the tube of the pen, as a result of which the ink is pushed upwards. The pressure of atmosphere becomes so extreme at a point that the pen ink starts leaking

Answer 2

For many people, the fountain pen is the most sophisticated pen to use1. There is something very sensual about writing with a pen that uses liquid ink. Indeed, when writing with a fountain pen, the nib seems to positively glide across the page with such effortless grace as to make the physical act of writing a joy. These days, if you prefer, you can buy plastic cartridges for a fountain pen. These little fellows practically eliminate any chance of a mess2. In the era of mass production, a $100-plus writing instrument might well seem an extravagance. Yet a good fountain pen will last a lifetime. It lends character to the signature of its user, and makes writing a much more thoughtful experience.



But how did such a pen develop? In order to fully understand the development of the fountain pen, a general understanding of the workings of the fountain pen is needed. The mechanics of a fountain pen may be broken down into three parts: the reservoir, the feed system and the nib.



The Mechanics of the Fountain Pen



The Reservoir



The reservoir or ink storage mechanism of the pen can function in one of two ways:



* The first method is to fit an ink cartridge. Currently, most pen makers create their pens to be compatible with their brand of cartridges only. All manufacturers provide a variety of colours of high quality inks. The advantage to using cartridges is convenience.

* The other method is to use a piston converter, which is a recent development in fountain pen technology. The converter is a closed container. It has a threaded rod running down the centre of its chamber and a plunger at the end. Holding the plunger in the downward position, closest to the nib section of the pen, a knob twists the top of the converter. This siphons the ink into the container, when the nib is immersed in a bottle of ink. The advantage to filling the pen via a converter is to use bottled inks manufactured by other companies.



The Feed



The feed system regulates the flow of ink to the nib by means of a series of canals and grooves. This system ensures that the least possible leakage occurs with the greatest amount of even flow. The feed, in conjunction with the nib, balances the effects of gravity with atmospheric pressure and capillary action. The capillary action ensures the ink in the pen is held in position. This counters any changes in air pressure, if the air pressure becomes lower than that of the ink reservoir. Alternatively, heat from the writer’s hand may increase the internal pressure above that of the air pressure.



Most fountain pens are fitted with a series of secondary canals, which regulates surplus ink that may form when atmospheric imbalance occurs. Varying the size of the canals and conduits achieves the perfect balance necessary.



Feeds are manufactured by injecting synthetic resins into moulds. In high-quality pens, ebonite is used. These materials resist the corrosive agents present in inks.



The Nib



The user can ‘feel’ the pen on the paper, through the nib. When used, the pen produces an elegant line with an almost calligraphic appearance. Lines of varying thickness can be created due to changes in the writer's hand pressure, angle of the pen to the paper and rotations on the axis of the nib. This is opposed to ballpoint pens and roller balls, as the point of contact with paper is symmetrical, due to the spherical shape of the ball in the point. Thus, a line of unvarying width, regardless of changes in angle, can be achieved.



The use of precious metal for the nib of a fountain pen improves the pen’s performance and increases its life span. Metals corrode when contact with ink takes place, thus, gold is the preferred choice of material, as it resistant to corrosion. The amount of gold in the nib’s construction determines the flexibility or scale of softness, which the nib can offer. The malleability of gold perfectly suits the function of providing the nib with flexibility. However, in its pure form, gold is not resilient. For this reason, gold alloys of 14 carat and 18 carat are the preferred choice of material.



The least expensive fountain pens tend to have stainless steel or gold plated stainless steel nibs. The absence of precious metals, allows the pen to retail at an easily affordable price. In addition, for users converting from ballpoint pens to fountain pens, the gold plated stainless steel nib may be ideal. This is because it requires the same amount of pressure to write with a stainless steel nib as a ballpoint pen. However, stainless steel nibs are extremely inflexible when used, and do not allow the writer the ability to write so freely.



The very tip of the nib, the point, cannot be made of gold

Answer 3

What atmospheric pressure is?



Atmospheric pressure is sometimes defined as the force per unit area exerted against a surface by the weight of air above that surface at any given point in the Earth's atmosphere. In most circumstances atmospheric pressure is closely approximated by the hydrostatic pressure caused by the weight of air above the measurement point. Low pressure areas have less atmospheric mass above their location, whereas high pressure areas have more atmospheric mass above their location. Similarly, as elevation increases there is less overlying atmospheric mass, so that pressure decreases with increasing elevation. A column of air one square inch in cross-section, measured from sea level to the top of the atmosphere, would weigh approximately 14.7 lbf. The weight of a 1 m2 (11 sq ft) column of air would be about 101 kilonewtons (equivalent to a mass of 10.2 tonnes at the surface).



The fountain pens!

Back when people used fountain pens as a matter of course, aeroplane cabins had variable pressure throughout the flight. Pens, shampoos, potato chip bags, etc. expand, pop, or leak at high altitudes is because of low air pressure.



The air inside a sealed container holds the pressure of the environment when it was closed. If this container travels up, to Denver or up in an aeroplane, the air pressure --barometric pressure-- of the environment becomes lower than it was closer to sea level. The container expands in dimensions or leaks in an attempt to equalize the pressure.



These days people use ball point pens and they're pens don't leak. ;)



Actually, these days commercial aeroplanes have better seals and climate control systems. However bleeding fountain pens may still be a problem because the pressure during the flight will decrease to that of a mountain city.



According the Boeing (plane manufacturer) "The cabin air system in today's jetliners is designed to provide a safe, comfortable cabin environment at cruising altitudes that can reach upwards of 40,000 feet. At those altitudes, the cabin must be pressurized to enable passengers and crew to breathe normally. By government regulation, the cabin pressure cannot be less, at maximum cruise altitude, than the equivalent of outside air pressure at 8,000 feet."



However, the container/luggage hold is outside the climate control system. Therefore, shampoo in your luggage may still ooze. Hint: puff the air out of the bottle when you pack, and put in a sealed ziplock-type bag in a luggage pocket.



Standard atmospheric pressure:

The standard atmosphere (symbol: atm) is a unit of pressure and is defined as being equal to 101.325 kPa. These other units are equivalent: 760 mmHg (torr), 29.92 inHg, 14.696 PSI, 1013.25 millibars. One standard atmosphere is standard pressure used for pneumatic fluid power (ISO R554), and in the aerospace (ISO 2533) and petroleum (ISO 5024) industries.



In 1999, the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) recommended that for the purposes of specifying the properties of substances, “the standard pressure” should be defined as precisely 100 kPa (≈750.01 torr) or 29.53 inHg rather than the 101.325 kPa value of “one standard atmosphere”.[1] This value is used as the standard pressure for the compressor and the pneumatic tool industries (ISO 2787).[2] (See also Standard temperature and pressure.) In the United States, compressed air flow is often measured in "standard cubic feet" per unit of time, where the "standard" means the equivalent quantity of moisture at standard temperature and pressure. However, this standard atmosphere is defined slightly differently: temperature = 20 °C (68 °F), air density = 1.225 kg/m³ (0.0765 lb/cu ft), altitude = sea level, and relative humidity = 20%. In the air conditioning industry, the standard is often temperature = 0 °C (32 °F) instead. For natural gas, the petroleum industry uses a standard temperature of 15.6 °C (60.1 °F), pressure 101.56 kPa (14.730 psi). (air pressure)